In 2025, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) faces a series of complex challenges that could impact its dominance in Indian politics. The year brings a critical turning point for the party as it seeks to maintain its leadership while contending with a variety of internal and external pressures, particularly in the lead-up to the general elections in 2029 and crucial assembly polls in Delhi as well as Bihar in 2025.
The BJP’s prolonged dominance in Indian politics, marked by consecutive victories in the 2014 and 2019 general elections, is beginning to show signs of wear. The electorate, particularly in some key states, is displaying signs of fatigue with the BJP’s rule. While the party has succeeded in maintaining strongholds in states like Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, it has faced stiff resistance in other states like Karnataka, Telangana, Jharkhand, Himachal etc. The declining popularity of the party, especially in rural areas, has been amplified by rising economic challenges and a growing sense of disillusionment with promises of development that have not always translated into tangible benefits for the common man.
Economic Crisis and Unemployment
One of the most pressing challenges for the BJP is addressing the growing economic concerns that continue to affect the Indian population. In 2025, unemployment rates remain high, especially among the youth, leading to increasing frustration with the government. Despite the government’s efforts to boost economic growth, the gap between urban prosperity and rural distress is widening. Rural voters, particularly from agrarian sectors, are voicing their concerns over issues like stagnant farm incomes, inflation, and unsatisfactory implementation of welfare schemes. If these issues are not adequately addressed, the BJP may risk losing the support of its core voter base.
Caste Dynamics and Regional Politics
The caste equation continues to play a significant role in Indian politics, and the BJP has struggled to navigate these complexities effectively in certain states. While the party has made inroads into traditionally non-BJP states by appealing to OBC and lower-caste voters, its attempts to consolidate the Dalit vote have largely been unfulfilled. The party’s handling of caste-based reservations and social justice issues will remain under scrutiny, especially as regional parties capitalize on these concerns. In states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, caste-based mobilization by opposition parties, such as the Samajwadi Party and RJD, may pose a threat to BJP’s stronghold.
Regional Opposition Alliances
The formation of regional opposition alliances presents another significant challenge for the BJP. The opposition parties, including Congress, Trinamool Congress (TMC), Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), and other regional outfits, are increasingly coming together in an effort to counter the BJP’s national agenda though fissures have cropped up lately. The success of such alliances in states like West Bengal, Delhi, and Telangana could lead to a dilution of the BJP’s influence in these crucial regions. These coalitions, despite their fragmented nature, are united by a common desire to limit the BJP’s power and challenge its dominance at both state and national levels.
Internal Dissent and Leadership Issues
Internally, the BJP faces its own set of challenges, particularly in terms of leadership. Prime Minister Narendra Modi remains the face of the party, but the question of succession is increasingly being discussed. Modi’s leadership, while immensely popular among many sections of society, has sparked concerns within the party about the future. There is growing discontent from certain sections of the party, especially in states where local leadership has been side-lined in favour of a centralized command. The leadership vacuum that may arise after Modi’s tenure could expose the party to internal discord, making it more vulnerable to fragmentation.
Religious Polarization and Backlash
The BJP has long been associated with a strong pro-Hindu stance, and its actions to promote Hindu nationalism have been a double-edged sword. While this has galvanized its core support base, it has also alienated minority communities, particularly Muslims and Christians. The party’s handling of religious polarization, communal incidents, and social divisions will continue to be under the microscope in 2025. Any missteps in managing the delicate balance between promoting Hindu cultural identity and ensuring national unity could backfire, leading to protests, social unrest, and erosion of support from secular voters.
Foreign Policy and Geopolitical Tensions
India’s foreign policy in 2025 will also pose challenges for the BJP. While Prime Minister Modi has successfully navigated global diplomacy by strengthening ties with countries like the United States, Israel, and key Gulf nations, there are emerging geopolitical tensions that could impact India’s international standing. Relations with neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and China remain fraught with uncertainty. The BJP must ensure that its foreign policy remains effective in balancing national security concerns with economic and strategic interests.
In 2025, the BJP faces the dual task of managing its internal dynamics while navigating external challenges that threaten to erode its political dominance. The party must address economic concerns, caste-based issues, and regional opposition alliances, while also maintaining a united front internally. The ability to navigate these challenges, adapt its strategies, and connect with the electorate will determine whether the BJP can continue to be the dominant political force in India or whether it will face a substantial setback in future elections.
(Writer is senior political analyst and strategic affairs columnist)
