As the world continues to recover from the devastating effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, experts are now warning about potential new infectious threats in 2025. With the global health landscape still fragile, several infectious diseases are on the radar of public health authorities, raising concerns about another pandemic.
The world is currently facing a critical time, grappling with issues from bird flu to cases of previously controlled diseases. Health officials are closely monitoring various infectious diseases this year, along with emerging viruses like Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) and Norovirus outbreaks that have already been reported in China and the United States, respectively.
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Five infectious diseases to watch out for:
Bird Flu
Bird flu, or avian influenza, has been a cause of concern for several years. In 2024, over 60 human cases were reported worldwide, including the first severe case in the U.S. While there is no confirmed evidence of human-to-human transmission yet, experts like Dr. Michael Osterholm from the University of Minnesota emphasise the need for vigilance. Public health authorities, including the CDC, have also warned that while current risk is low, it could lead to a much larger problem.
Mpox
Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, has made headlines in recent years due to its spread across several countries. Although it may not be as widespread as Covid-19, experts warn that the virus, which spreads through close contact, is still a significant concern.
Recently, the U.S. has reported cases of a more aggressive strain, with travel to Eastern Africa linked to these outbreaks. Vaccination efforts have slowed down because of rising costs, leaving vulnerable populations at greater risk. Experts like Dr. Perry Halkitis emphasise the importance of not overlooking this ongoing threat.
Measles
Once considered a disease of the past, measles is making a disturbing return in 2025. Falling vaccination rates globally, heightened by misinformation and vaccine hesitation, have contributed to a resurgence. In 2024, the CDC reported more than 280 cases in the U.S., the highest number in five years. Measles is incredibly contagious, and with immunities for school vaccinations rising, experts fear further outbreaks.
Polio
Though polio was nearly eliminated in many parts of the world, it is still a persistent threat. Countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan continue to battle the virus, and the risk remains as long as polio exists anywhere. Many younger parents, unfamiliar with the impact of diseases like polio, may underestimate the danger. If the virus spreads to other regions, including the U.S., the lack of widespread vaccination could lead to significant health challenges.
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Disease X
“Disease X” is a term used by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to describe the next potential pandemic-causing pathogen. While it remains speculative, the need for preparedness is clear. A mysterious illness in the Congo was initially labelled “Disease X” before being identified as severe malaria, highlighting the unpredictable nature of emerging diseases.
Emerging Viruses: HMPV and Norovirus Outbreaks
In addition to the above-known viruses, 2025 has already seen concerning reports about two emerging viruses: Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in China and Norovirus in the U.S.
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
Recent reports from China indicate a surge in respiratory infections, with hospitals facing overcrowding and health systems under pressure. The increase in cases is attributed to Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a virus that causes symptoms similar to the common cold or flu. While no state of emergency has been declared, experts are keeping a close eye on the situation as the virus spreads during the winter season.
First discovered in 2001, HMPV belongs to the same family as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and can cause severe respiratory infections, particularly in vulnerable populations like the elderly and young children, according to the CDC.
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Norovirus
In the U.S., Norovirus outbreaks are on the rise. This highly contagious virus, which causes vomiting and diarrhoea, is often referred to as the “winter vomiting bug.” It spreads quickly through contaminated surfaces, food, and water, as well as through close contact with infected individuals.
The CDC reported that Norovirus is responsible for 58% of foodborne illnesses in the U.S. A recent surge has led to 91 reported outbreaks, more than double the average number in previous years, with many occurring in hospitals and nursing homes.
